2.5 Penubuhan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1948

2.5 Penubuhan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1948

SUNDAY, 27 SEPTEMBER 2015

•    Persekutuan Tanah Melayu (PTM) ditubuhkan pada 1 Februari 1948
•    Tujuan – menggantikan MU
•    Merupakan kejayaan penting kepada perjuangan orang Melayu

Rundingan Awal Ke Arah Penubuhan PTM

i. Rundingan Menolak Pelaksanaan Malayan Union

•    Sejak Januari hingga Mei 1946 orang Melayu mengadakan bantahan secara aman
•    Tujuan – menolak MU
•    Mei 1946 – raja2 Melayu mengadakan pertemuan dengan British di Kuala Kangsar
•    Tujuan – menyampaikan pandangan menolak MU
•    Jun 1946 – rundingan UMNO dengan British di Pulau Pinang
•    Kesan;

               Ø  British mengadakan rundingan rasmi dengan raja2 Melayu & UMNO

               Ø  Raja-raja Melayu & UMNO menyerahkan satu memorandum menyatakan bantahan terhadap

                    Malayan Union secara rasmi 

ii. Rundingan Menubuhkan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu

•    Pada 25 Julai 1946 Jawatankuasa Eksekutif ditubuhkan
•    Dianggotai pegawai kanan British, wakil raja2 Melayu & wakil UMNO
•    Perbincangan rasmi diadakan beberapa kali di King’s House, Kuala Lumpur
•    Beberapa tuntutan dikemukakan, antaranya;

1.      Raja-raja Melayu & orang Melayu menolak semua prinsip & struktur Malayan Union
2.      Mereka mahukan sebuah bentuk persekutuan bagi seluruh Semenanjung Tanah Melayu
3.      Mereka menolak kerakyatan jus soli
4.      Mereka mahu taraf negeri naungan bagi negeri Melayu dipulihkan semula
5.      Mendesak raja-raja Melayu menjadi ketua negeri-negeri Melayu

•    Kesan rundingan;

         Ø  British setuju membentuk PTM kerana tidak mahu orang Melayu menentang secara kekerasan

         Ø  British tidak mahu Parti Komunis Malaya mempengaruhi orang Melayu

         Ø  Sikap sederhana orang Melayu yang sentiasa bekerjasama dengan British & sikap pemimpin2 

              UMNO sentiasa berunding menyedarkan British.

         Ø  British mengubah dasarnya & melaksanakan dasar dekolonisasi  (proses membebaskan negeri 

              yang dijajah) yang digalakkan oleh PBB.

         Ø  Rundingan berakhir dengan termeterai Perjanjian Persekutuan Tanah Melayu pada 21 Januari 1948

         Ø  Pada 1 Februari 1948 PTM dibentuk & majlis menandatangani diadakan di King’s House, Kuala 

              Lumpur.

Ciri-Ciri Utama Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1948

• Konsep Raja Berperlembagaan diperkenalkan
• Majlis Raja-raja Melayu ditubuhkan menggantikan Majlis Melayu
• Perlindungan istimewa diberikan kepada orang Melayu & diletakkan di bawah kuasa Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British
• Syarat kerakyatan diperketatkan
• Sebuah persekutuan dibentuk dengan gabungan 11 buah negeri2 Melayu kecuali Singapura
• Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British menjadi Ketua Persekutuan & dibantu Majlis Mesyuarat Eksekutif & Majlis Mesyuarat Perundangan Persekutuan

Perbezaan Antara Pentadbiran PTM Dengan MU:

Perbezaan Kerakyatan PTM Dengan MU:

    

    

The 1948 Federation of Malaya Agreement

Introduction

1. Independence and Tunku Abdul Rahman are inseparable — so much so that each time a Malaysian hears the word “merdeka’, an image of our first Premier reading the Proclamation of Independence will invariably come to mind. Indeed for many Malaysians, the Independence Movement started with the birth of the Alliance coalition he led — which was initiated by an Umno-MCA pact in the Kuala Lumpur Municipal Elections in 1952, extended in 1955 when the MIC joined and cemented in the same year when they won a landslide victory in the first peninsula-wide elections for the Federal Legislative Council.

2. Invigorated by such a mandate, the Tunku demanded that the date for Merdeka be brought forward. And as everyone knows within two years the Tunku got what he wanted. The Tunku after all is not immortalised as Bapa Kemerdekaan for nothing.

3. But what is less well known was the nature of the constitutional landscape in which the Alliance negotiated Merdeka: its ethos was geared towards decolonization. Highlighting this fact is not to stress the importance of historical context, but more to point out that the ‘logic of decolonization’ was ingrained in the 1948 Federation of Malaya Agreement (FMA). Indeed its preamble read:

“And whereas it is the desire of His Majesty and Their Highnesses that progress should be made towards eventual self-government and…….as soon as circumstances….permit, legislation should be introduced for the election of members to the several legislatures to be established pursuant to this Agreement.”

4. What this means is that though winning those elections was purely the achievement of the Alliance, yet the very fact that elections existed in the first place was not. As can be read in the Preamble, elections and other trappings of self-government was very much expected (if not demanded) by the then highest law of the land: the FMA.

5. Unfortunately, the importance of the 1948 FMA in preparing the ground for Merdeka is often overlooked. Thus, as we are about to celebrate our 57^th Merdeka Day, there is merit in us revisiting briefly some of its fundamental tenants [tenets].

The 1948 Federation of Malaya Agreement (FMA): Features

6. Chronologically, the 1948 FMA was the successor to the abrogated 1946 Malayan Union Constitution (MU). Nine years later the FMA was in turn replaced by the 1957 Federal Constitution (Merdeka Constitution). Yet, both of these constitutional predecessors to the Merdeka Constitution were not superseded for the same reasons.

7. Within the country’s constitutional tradition the MU was an aberration — most of her principles and provisions was never implemented. By contrast, many of the basic provisions and underlying principles embodied in the 1948 FMA were adapted into the Merdeka Constitution.

8. The creation of the FMA began in July 1946 with the setting up of a Working Committee (WC) to propose a new constitutional framework to replace the MU. The membership of this WC represented the officially recognized political authorities of the day — the British, the Malay Rulers and Umno. Thus, unlike the MU that was unilaterally imposed upon the Malay Rulers by the British, the FMA was a joint Anglo-Malay design. Additionally, using the pre-war Johor Constitution as a template, they also drafted a modal State Constitution.

9. In drafting their constitutional proposals, the WC had to follow certain basic principles: (i) that there should be a strong central government, (ii) that the individuality of each Malay State and Settlement should be clearly expressed and maintained, (iii) that the arrangement should offer the means towards ultimate self-government, (iv) that a common form of citizenship should be introduced for all those who regard Malaya as their real home and objects of their loyalty and (v) that the Malays occupy a special position

10. During the WC’s discussions, three contenders emerged for the title of the proposed federation: Malayan Federation, Malayan Federal Union and theFederation of Malaya (FOM). According to legal scholar RH Hickling, the Malayan Federation was rejected because the word ‘Malayan’ meant people who were associated with Malaya but did not include Malays while the Malayan Federal Union was rejected because it did not put enough emphasis on the sovereignty of each state. Additionally both could not be adequately translated into Malay

    SOALAN KUIZ

1. Bahagian A
2. 
   
3. 1. British adalah penjajah terakhir yang menjajah Tanah Melayu sebelum mencapai Kemerdekaan pada 31 Ogos 1957.
   
   
   a. Betul        b. Salah
   
   
   2. Berdasarkan nasihat siapakah Perlembagaan Persekutuan dirangka setelah melakukan kajian pada tahun 1956?
   
   
   a. Suruhanjaya Cobbold            b. Suruhanjaya Reid
4. 
   
5. 3. Bilakah Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, Sabah, Sarawak dan Singapura bergabung untuk menubuhkan Malaysia?
   
   
   a. 16 September 1966        b. 16 September 1963    c. 31 Ogos 1957
6. 
   
7. Bahagian B
8. 
   
9. 1. Dimanakah pertemuan raja-raja melayu dengan British diadakan ?
10.   ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. 2. Bagaimanakah rundingan British dengan raja melayu dan UMNO berakhir ?
    ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

     RUMUSAN

     

     Perjanjian Persekutuan telah digubal oleh Sidang Pleno Inggeris-Melayu sejak antara Jun-Disember 1946. Di akhir mesyuaratnya Sidang Pleno telah menghasilkan apa yang dikenali sebagai Blue Book setebal 100 muka surat.Perjanjian Persekutuan Tanah Melayu telah ditandatangani pada 21 Januari 1948 di King House dan diumumkan oleh kerajaan British . Perjanjian ini ditandatangani oleh Raja-Raja Melayu, dan Sir Edward Gent, sebagai wakil Kerajaan British . Perjanjian ini adalah sebagai persediaan ke arah penubuhan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu pada 1 Februari 1948. Perjanjian ini penting kerana ia memansuhkan Malayan Union dan menyatukan negeri-negeri Melayu dalam sebuah Persekutuan untuk pertama kali. Kedudukan Raja-Raja Melayu juga telah dikembalikan.Antara 1946 - 1948, 11 negeri ini membentuk tanah jajahan British yang dipanggil Malayan Union. Disebabkan bantahan orang Melayu yang dipimpin oleh Dato Onn Jaafar, Malayan Union dibubarkan dan digantikan dengan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, yang mengembalikan kedudukan simbolik raja-raja Melayu. Malayan Union dibubarkan secara rasmi pada 21 Januari 1948.